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Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT)

Target: AHSCT

Overview

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a medical procedure wherein a patient's own stem cells are harvested, cryopreserved, and re-infused following high-dose chemotherapy or immunosuppressive conditioning intended to eradicate cancerous or autoreactive immune cells. This allows for the *reconstitution* of the blood and immune system with healthy, previously collected stem cells. AHSCT is commonly used in hematologic malignancies (such as multiple myeloma and lymphoma) and increasingly in refractory autoimmune diseases (such as multiple sclerosis). Unlike allogeneic HSCT, AHSCT does not risk graft-versus-host disease but also lacks the graft-versus-tumor effect. The principal aim is to reset or rebuild a functional immune system and restore hematopoiesis[1][3][5][7].

Other names: Autologous stem cell transplantationAutologous HSCTAuto-HSCT

Mechanism of action

Ablation of autoreactive or malignant immune cells via high-dose chemotherapy or radiation\nInfusion of autologous hematopoietic stem cells to restore hematopoiesis and rebuild immune function

Biological functions

Immune system reconstitutionHematopoietic recoveryImmune tolerance inductionRegeneration of blood and immune cells

Disease associations

Cancer (especially blood cancers such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma)Autoimmune diseases (such as multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Crohn’s disease)

Safety considerations

Short-term: Infection, mucositis, organ toxicity, bleedingLong-term: Secondary malignancy, infertility, relapse of original disease, treatment-related mortality

Biomarkers

CD34+ cell counts (stem cell isolation and engraftment)Chimerism analysis (occasionally, especially in allogeneic settings)Blood cell recovery counts (neutrophil, platelet, lymphocyte recovery)

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