Bacterial biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)

Bacterial biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) constitute a complex, self-produced matrix of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA that encases bacterial cells in a biofilm. This matrix serves as a physical and chemical shield, protecting the embedded bacteria from environmental stressors, host immune responses, and the penetration of antimicrobial agents. By providing structural integrity and facilitating cell-to-cell communication, EPS is a primary driver of the chronic nature and high antibiotic tolerance observed in biofilm-associated infections. (Source: Flemming, H. C., & Wingender, J. (2010). The biofilm matrix. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8(9), 623-633). Therapeutic targeting of the EPS aims to disrupt this protective barrier to restore antibiotic sensitivity and allow host immune clearance. Current strategies include the use of enzymes like DNase I to degrade eDNA or glycoside hydrolases to break down exopolysaccharides, as well as chelating agents that strip the matrix of stabilizing metal ions. While effective at dispersing biofilms, these treatments must be carefully managed to prevent the systemic release of bacteria and toxins previously sequestered within the matrix. (Source: Koo, H., et al. (2017). Targeting microbial biofilms: current and prospective therapeutic strategies. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 15(12), 740-755).

Other names

Extracellular matrixBiofilm matrixExopolysaccharidesExtracellular polymeric substancesBiofilm EPS

Enzymatic degradation of matrix components (e.g., polysaccharides and eDNA), chelation of divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) to destabilize the matrix structure, and inhibition of EPS biosynthesis pathways.