Bacterial cell membrane phospholipids and associated envelope components

The bacterial cell membrane and associated envelope components represent a critical structural and functional target for several classes of antibiotics. This target encompasses the inner cytoplasmic membrane, the peptidoglycan layer, and, in Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (Silhavy et al., 2010, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol). These components maintain the structural integrity of the cell, regulate the transport of ions and nutrients, and serve as a scaffold for cell wall synthesis (Epand & Epand, 2009, Biochim Biophys Acta). Unlike mammalian membranes, bacterial membranes are characterized by a high proportion of negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, which allow for selective binding by cationic drugs (Straus & Hancock, 2006, Biochim Biophys Acta). Drugs like polymyxins target the LPS and phospholipids of Gram-negative bacteria, while daptomycin targets the phosphatidylglycerol in Gram-positive membranes, both leading to membrane permeabilization and cell death. This target is essential for bacterial survival, and its disruption is a primary mechanism for treating severe, often multi-drug resistant, bacterial infections.

Other names

Bacterial cell envelopeBacterial cytoplasmic membraneBacterial lipid bilayerBacterial outer membraneBacterial membrane lipids

Disruption of membrane integrity, formation of transmembrane pores, sequestration of lipid-linked cell wall precursors (e.g., Lipid II), and dissipation of the proton motive force.