Bacterial metabolic systems affected by fluoride

Bacterial metabolic systems affected by fluoride comprise a group of enzymes and regulatory elements that are sensitive to fluoride ions, primarily targeted to control cariogenic bacteria [1, 5]. The most significant target is the glycolytic enzyme enolase, which is inhibited by a magnesium-fluoride-phosphate complex, leading to reduced energy production and impaired sugar uptake via the phosphotransferase system [1, 2]. Additionally, fluoride inhibits membrane-bound F-type ATPases, which are critical for maintaining intracellular pH; this inhibition results in cytoplasmic acidification and further metabolic suppression [1, 2]. Bacteria also utilize fluoride-specific riboswitches, such as the crcB motif, to sense toxic fluoride levels and induce the expression of efflux transporters for detoxification [3, 4]. These combined effects effectively reduce the acidogenicity and growth of oral pathogens like Streptococcus mutans [1, 3]. The inhibition of these systems is a cornerstone of modern preventive dentistry, particularly through the use of fluoridated water and oral care products [5]. However, therapeutic use is associated with risks such as dental fluorosis and the potential emergence of fluoride-resistant bacterial strains [2, 5]. Understanding these metabolic targets is essential for developing more effective antimicrobial strategies and managing the long-term efficacy of fluoride treatments [1, 3].

Other names

Bacterial fluoride targetsFluoride-sensitive bacterial enzymesFluoride-inhibited metabolic pathwaysBacterial fluoride-responsive systems

Fluoride inhibits bacterial metabolism through several mechanisms: it forms a metal-fluoride complex that inhibits enolase, thereby blocking glycolysis [1]; it inhibits F-type ATPases, leading to cytoplasmic acidification [1, 2]; and it binds to fluoride riboswitches to regulate the expression of fluoride-detoxifying proteins [3, 4].