Biofilm extracellular matrix divalent cations (Biofilm ECM divalent cations)

Biofilm extracellular matrix divalent cations, primarily calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and iron (Fe2+/Fe3+), serve as critical structural components within the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of microbial biofilms (Flemming & Wingender, 2010, Nature Reviews Microbiology). These ions act as ionic bridges that cross-link negatively charged matrix components, such as extracellular DNA (eDNA), proteins, and acidic polysaccharides, thereby providing mechanical stability and resistance to environmental stressors (Mulcahy et al., 2008, Journal of Bacteriology). In the context of human disease, these cations facilitate the persistence of chronic infections, particularly in cystic fibrosis, chronic wounds, and on medical implants, by shielding bacteria from the host immune system and limiting antibiotic penetration (Whitchurch et al., 2002, Science). Therapeutic strategies targeting these cations involve the use of chelating agents like EDTA or citrate, which sequester the ions to destabilize the matrix architecture (Percival et al., 2005, Journal of Wound Care). This disruption increases the susceptibility of the embedded bacteria to conventional antibiotics and physical clearance, making it a promising approach for treating recalcitrant biofilm-associated infections (Banin et al., 2005, PNAS).

Other names

Extracellular polymeric substance divalent cationsBiofilm matrix metal ionsEPS cross-linking cationsBiofilm structural ions

Chelation of divalent cations leads to the destabilization and dissolution of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, increasing biofilm permeability and bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials.