Biofilm Formation Pathway

The biofilm formation pathway refers to the complex, multi-step process by which microorganisms transition from free-living states to organized, surface-attached communities encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix. This pathway involves reversible attachment, irreversible attachment, EPS production, maturation, and dispersal, regulated by environmental cues and intercellular signaling. Key molecular components include EPS (polysaccharides, proteins, eDNA, lipids), signaling molecules (quorum sensing molecules, c-di-GMP), and regulatory proteins/genes. Biofilms confer increased resistance to antibiotics, host immune defenses, and environmental stresses, playing major roles in chronic infections.

Various mechanisms targeting different stages of biofilm formation (e.g., inhibition of EPS production, disruption of quorum sensing, interference with adhesion)