Biological membrane and lipid bilayer

Biological membranes and lipid bilayers are fundamental structural components of all living cells, consisting primarily of a double layer of phospholipids interspersed with proteins and sterols like cholesterol or ergosterol (Source: Wikipedia). They serve as selective barriers that regulate the passage of ions and molecules, maintain cellular homeostasis, and provide a platform for signaling and transport (Source: NIH). In pharmacology, these structures are targeted by various agents, particularly anti-infectives like polyene antifungals (e.g., Amphotericin B) and lipopeptide antibiotics (e.g., Daptomycin), which disrupt membrane integrity to cause cell death (Source: StatPearls). While targeting membranes offers a broad-spectrum approach, it often presents challenges regarding selectivity between pathogen and host cells, leading to potential side effects like nephrotoxicity or hemolysis (Source: PubMed: 25136019). Additionally, the membrane's physical properties, such as fluidity and thickness, influence the function of embedded proteins, making it a secondary target for many lipophilic drugs including anesthetics.

Other names

Cell membranePlasma membranePhospholipid bilayerCytoplasmic membraneUnit membrane

Drugs targeting biological membranes act through several mechanisms: pore formation (e.g., polyenes binding ergosterol), detergent-like disruption of the lipid bilayer (e.g., polymyxins), or alteration of membrane fluidity and phase behavior (e.g., general anesthetics) (Source: StatPearls; PubMed: 25136019).