Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3)

Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) is a significant viral pathogen belonging to the Respirovirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family [4, 17]. It is a primary etiological agent of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide, frequently serving as a key component of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC), also known as "shipping fever" [1, 6]. The virus possesses a non-segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that encodes six structural proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and a large polymerase protein (L) [4, 11]. The HN and F glycoproteins are critical for viral attachment to sialic acid receptors and subsequent membrane fusion, respectively [2, 5]. BPIV-3 primarily infects the respiratory epithelium, leading to cellular damage and immunosuppression, which predisposes the host to severe secondary bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mannheimia haemolytica [6, 16]. While there are currently no specific, widely approved antiviral drugs for BPIV-3, therapeutic management relies heavily on vaccination and supportive care, including the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics for secondary complications [13, 16]. Research into novel interventions includes the development of multi-epitope vaccines and the exploration of broad-spectrum antivirals like ribavirin [12, 13].

Other names

BPIV3BPI3VBovine parainfluenza 3 virusRespirovirus bovis

Inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and induction of host antiviral responses [6, 12]