Cancer cell lysis via viral replication-dependent oncolysis

This entry does not refer to a single molecular target but rather describes a **therapeutic mechanism** known as "oncolytic virotherapy" or "viral replication-dependent oncolysis." In this approach, engineered or naturally occurring viruses selectively infect and replicate within cancer cells. The accumulation and subsequent release of new virions cause direct **lysis** (destruction) of the malignant cells. This process also releases tumor antigens into the microenvironment, which can stimulate an adaptive immune response against remaining cancer cells at both local and distant sites. Some oncolytic viruses are further engineered to deliver genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins directly into tumors—such as those that block TGF-beta—to enhance anti-tumor immunity while minimizing systemic side effects. Examples include FDA-approved talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for melanoma and investigational agents like Seneca Valley virus for neuroendocrine cancers. While promising, challenges remain regarding delivery efficiency, overcoming pre-existing antiviral immunity in patients, safety concerns related to off-target effects, and optimizing combination with other therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors.[1][2][3]

Other names

Oncolytic virus-mediated cancer cell lysisOncolytic virotherapyViral oncolysisOncolytic viral therapy

Selective infection and replication within cancer cells leading to direct lysis[1][2] Release of tumor antigens and stimulation of host immune response against the tumor[1][2] Delivery of therapeutic genes into tumors for enhanced anti-tumor effects, such as blocking immunosuppressive proteins like TGF-beta[3]