Carcinogenic or mutagenic substance (CMR (for "Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, and Reprotoxic"))

Carcinogenic and mutagenic molecules are substances capable of causing or promoting the formation of mutations in DNA; such mutations may lead to cancer by disrupting the normal regulation of the cell cycle or fostering genetic instability[1][2][4][6][9]. These substances are commonly regulated under frameworks such as the European CLP Regulation, which categorize agents by the strength of evidence for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity[1][5][7]. Mutagens directly damage genetic material through various mechanisms (chemical adduct formation, chromosomal breaks, aneuploidy, etc.), while carcinogens may act indirectly by accelerating cell division or interfering with DNA repair, and may include physical, chemical, and biological agents (e.g., certain chemicals, radiation, human papilloma virus)[4][9].

Other names

CMR chemicalscarcinogenmutagenclastogenaneugen

DNA adduct formation and mutagenesis; Induction of chromosomal instability; Disruption of cell cycle regulation; Epigenetic modifications