Cardiac function improvement via multi-target modulation

Cardiac function improvement via multi-target modulation" refers to a therapeutic approach, not a specific molecule or receptor. It encompasses the use of drugs or interventions targeting multiple pathways—such as neurohormonal systems, cardiomyocyte function, mitochondrial activity, ion channels, and others—to improve cardiac performance in conditions like heart failure[1][3][5][8]. This approach recognizes the complex, multifactorial pathophysiology of heart failure, where the simultaneous modulation of several biological systems (e.g., beta-adrenergic receptors, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone pathway, sodium-glucose cotransporters, mitochondrial function, specific transcription factors like Meis1 and Hoxb13) may provide synergistic benefit over targeting a single component[1][2][3][5][6][8]. Since it does not refer to a single molecular entity, it cannot be classified as a canonical drug target.