Casein micelle (CM)

Casein micelles are complex supramolecular aggregates found in milk, consisting of four distinct phosphoproteins (alpha-s1, alpha-s2, beta, and kappa-casein) stabilized by nanoclusters of colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) [1]. Their primary biological role is to transport high concentrations of calcium and phosphate in a soluble, non-crystalline form to the neonate, facilitating bone growth while preventing pathological calcification of the mammary gland [2]. Although not a traditional therapeutic target such as a receptor or enzyme, casein micelles are utilized in pharmacology as natural, biodegradable nanocarriers for the oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs and bioactive compounds [3]. Upon ingestion, they form a coagulum in the stomach due to the action of pepsin and low pH, allowing for the sustained release of nutrients and the generation of bioactive peptides with antihypertensive and antimicrobial properties [4]. Furthermore, casein phosphopeptides derived from these micelles are used in dentistry to promote the remineralization of tooth enamel by stabilizing amorphous calcium phosphate at the tooth surface [5].

Other names

Colloidal calcium phosphate-casein complexPhosphocaseinateCasein-calcium phosphate aggregateMilk casein micelle

Casein micelles function primarily as a natural delivery vehicle rather than a drug target; they encapsulate hydrophobic molecules within their internal hydrophobic domains and release them upon enzymatic digestion by pepsin or changes in pH within the gastrointestinal tract [3]. As a nutritional component, they form a gel-like curd in the stomach, providing a slow-release source of amino acids and essential minerals like calcium and phosphate [4].