Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) (CPP-ACP)

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is a bioactive nanocomplex derived from bovine milk protein (casein), primarily utilized as a remineralizing agent in preventative dentistry [1]. The complex consists of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) that contain clusters of phosphoserine residues, which bind and stabilize calcium and phosphate ions in an amorphous, non-crystalline state (ACP), preventing their precipitation into insoluble forms [2]. When introduced into the oral cavity via pastes, gums, or varnishes, CPP-ACP adheres to the dental pellicle and biofilm, serving as a localized reservoir of bioavailable minerals [3]. During acid challenges caused by cariogenic bacteria, the complex releases these ions into the subsurface enamel, maintaining a state of supersaturation that drives the remineralization of early-stage 'white spot' lesions and inhibits further demineralization [4]. Beyond its role in caries management, CPP-ACP is used to treat dentin hypersensitivity and dental erosion, though it is strictly contraindicated for individuals with a confirmed allergy to milk proteins [2][5].

Other names

RecaldentCasein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphateCPP-ACP nanocomplexMilk-derived remineralizing agent

The mechanism involves the stabilization of calcium and phosphate ions by casein phosphopeptides, which prevent these minerals from forming crystalline hydroxyapatite prematurely. These complexes bind to the tooth surface and dental plaque, creating a high-concentration reservoir of bioavailable ions. When the pH of the oral environment drops, the complex releases calcium and phosphate to maintain a supersaturated state relative to tooth mineral, thereby facilitating the diffusion of ions into subsurface lesions to promote remineralization and neutralize plaque acidity.