CD1d-expressing M2-like macrophage

CD1d-expressing M2-like macrophages are a subset of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages characterized by expression of the lipid-antigen-presenting molecule CD1d, which enables them to present lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells. This population is found in various tissues, including adipose tissue, where it regulates immune responses, modulates polarization of NKT cells (tending toward Th2/anti-inflammatory responses), and plays important roles in metabolic homeostasis and inflammation. Downregulation of CD1d expression in M2 macrophages has been shown to disrupt immune balance and is implicated in obesity-related metaflammation and insulin resistance. CD1d on these cells is also involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism within macrophages and cross-talk with NKT cells that can impact disease outcomes in metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and potentially tumor environments.

Other names

M2 macrophage expressing CD1dCD1d+ M2 macrophageCD1d-positive M2 macrophage

Indirect modulation via CD1d ligands (presented by these macrophages to NKT cells, leading to immune modulation); Polarization-shifting therapies (preclinical): modulating macrophage phenotype (e.g., M1↔M2); Immunomodulation by altering NKT–macrophage cross-talk