Cell-surface receptors and glycans used by the viral vector for cell entry

Cell-surface receptors and glycans used by viral vectors for cell entry represent a diverse group of host molecules that facilitate the initial attachment and subsequent internalization of viral particles into a host cell (Marsh & Helenius, 2006, Cell). These molecules include high-affinity protein receptors, such as the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), and low-affinity attachment factors like heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (Maginnis, 2018, J. Mol. Biol.). The specific interaction between a viral capsid or envelope protein and these host factors determines the vector's tissue tropism and delivery efficiency (Pillay & Carette, 2017, Curr. Opin. Virol.). In gene therapy, vectors are often engineered or pseudotyped to utilize specific receptors to ensure targeted delivery to desired cell types. While these receptors are essential for viral entry, they also serve critical endogenous functions, such as cell signaling, adhesion, and transport, which can be disrupted by therapeutic interventions (Baranowski et al., 2001, Science). Consequently, drugs targeting these entry pathways, such as entry inhibitors like Maraviroc or Bulevirtide, must be designed to minimize interference with the host's normal physiological processes (Dorr et al., 2005, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.).

Other names

Viral entry receptorsHost cell attachment factorsViral attachment sitesVirus-receptor interactionsHost determinants of viral entry

Inhibition of viral entry by competitively binding to host cell surface receptors or attachment factors, thereby preventing viral docking, conformational changes, and membrane fusion.