Cell-surface viral entry receptor

Cell-surface entry receptors are a diverse group of host cell membrane proteins that viruses exploit to gain access to the intracellular environment (Maginnis, 2018, J Mol Biol). These receptors typically perform vital physiological functions for the host, such as acting as chemokine receptors (e.g., CCR5), enzymes (e.g., ACE2), or adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1) (Dimitrov, 2004, Nat Rev Microbiol). Viral entry is initiated when viral envelope glycoproteins bind to these specific host receptors, triggering conformational changes that lead to membrane fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis (Shang et al., 2020, Nature). Because these receptors are encoded by the host genome, they are less prone to the rapid mutational escape seen in viral proteins, making them attractive targets for host-directed antiviral therapies (Baranowski et al., 2001, Science). However, a significant challenge in targeting these receptors is the risk of disrupting their essential biological roles, which can lead to adverse side effects or toxicity, such as the increased susceptibility to certain infections observed with CCR5 blockade (Glass et al., 2006, J Exp Med).

Other names

Host cell receptorViral entry mediatorViral attachment factorCellular receptor for virusViral entry receptor

Receptor antagonism, allosteric modulation, or steric hindrance to prevent the binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to host cell surfaces, thereby blocking viral attachment, fusion, or endocytosis.