Cellular reactive oxygen species system (ROS system)

The cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) system and redox environment represent a complex network of pro-oxidant and antioxidant molecules that maintain cellular homeostasis (Sies & Jones, 2020). ROS, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are generated primarily by the mitochondrial respiratory chain and enzymes like NADPH oxidases (NOX) (Di Meo et al., 2016). While ROS are essential for physiological signaling processes, including immune response and cell differentiation, an imbalance known as oxidative stress leads to the damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA (Forman & Zhang, 2021). This system is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular disorders (NIH, 2023). Pharmacological intervention typically involves the use of antioxidants to scavenge radicals or the activation of the Nrf2 pathway to boost endogenous defenses (PubChem). However, therapeutic targeting is complicated by the antioxidant paradox, where non-specific ROS reduction can interfere with vital signaling pathways (Halliwell, 2011). Modern drug discovery focuses on specific enzymes within this system, such as NOX isoforms or superoxide dismutase mimetics, to achieve more precise therapeutic effects (Schieber & Chandel, 2014). Monitoring the redox state often involves measuring lipid peroxidation products or the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) (Jones, 2006).

Other names

Redox environmentRedox homeostasisOxidative stress systemCellular redox state

Drugs targeting the cellular redox environment function by directly neutralizing reactive species, inhibiting enzymatic sources of ROS production, or inducing the expression of cytoprotective antioxidant enzymes via the Nrf2-KEAP1 signaling axis.