Cellular redox systems leading to reactive oxygen species generation (ROS-generating systems)

Cellular redox systems leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation comprise a diverse array of enzymatic and non-enzymatic sources, including the mitochondrial respiratory chain, NADPH oxidases (NOX), xanthine oxidase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes. These systems are fundamental to physiological processes such as cell signaling, gene expression, and the immune response through the controlled production of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. However, an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defense mechanisms leads to oxidative stress, a state characterized by macromolecular damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. This dysfunction is a hallmark of numerous pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer progression. Pharmacological intervention typically focuses on specific components of these systems, such as NOX inhibitors or mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, to restore redox homeostasis without compromising vital signaling pathways.

Other names

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production pathwaysRedox signaling systemsOxidative stress pathwaysPro-oxidant systems

Inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes (e.g., NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase), scavenging of free radicals, or modulation of mitochondrial electron transport chain efficiency to reduce oxidative damage.