Co-stimulatory molecule

Co-stimulatory molecules are cell surface proteins expressed on immune cells—primarily T cells and antigen-presenting cells—that provide essential secondary signals required for full T cell activation. The primary signal is delivered through the T cell receptor upon recognition of an antigen presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The secondary "co-stimulatory" signal is necessary to prevent T cell anergy or apoptosis and to promote effective immune responses. Key examples include CD28, which interacts with CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells, and other families such as ICOS/ICOSL and members of the TNF-receptor superfamily. These molecules play critical roles in determining whether an immune response will be activated or tolerance induced. Dysregulation can lead to autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, cancer progression, or transplant rejection[1][2][3][4]. Note: "Co-stimulatory molecule" refers to a broad functional category rather than a single molecular entity; it encompasses multiple distinct proteins with related but non-identical functions. The term "co-stimulatory molecule" does not refer to one unique molecular target but rather describes a large group/family of functionally related proteins involved in immune regulation[1][2]. Therefore: is_incorrect is set to true because this entry lacks specificity—it should be replaced by more precise canonical names such as "CD28," "Inducible T-cell costimulator," etc., depending on context. Entries like interacting_drugs, mechanism_of_action, biomarkers, and safety_concerns cannot be meaningfully filled at the class level without specifying which member(s) are meant. If you need structured information about specific co-stimulatory targets (e.g., CD28), please specify that target directly for accurate data extraction.

Other names

Costimulatory moleculeCo-stimulation moleculeSignal 2 moleculeSecondary signal protein