Cortical excitability modulation via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS-induced cortical excitability modulation)

Cortical excitability modulation via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) refers to the alteration of neuronal excitability in targeted areas of the cerebral cortex by applying a weak, constant electrical current through scalp electrodes[1][3][6]. The direction and magnitude of this effect depend on electrode polarity, current intensity, and duration of application: anodal stimulation tends to increase excitability (via depolarization), while cathodal reduces it (via hyperpolarization)[1][2]. tDCS does not induce neuronal firing directly but modulates the likelihood of spontaneous activity, thus influencing synaptic efficacy and brain plasticity through mechanisms involving LTP, LTD, neurotransmitter regulation, and factors like BDNF and NMDA receptors[2][5][6]. Clinical research explores tDCS-induced cortical modulation for treatment of neuropsychiatric and pain disorders, but responses vary and standardization is lacking. This concept is not a molecular target or receptor but a neurophysiological process or effect of a device-based intervention[1][4][6].

Other names

Transcranial direct current stimulation-induced cortical modulationModulation of cortical excitability by tDCSNeuromodulation by tDCS

Application of weak anodal (positive) or cathodal (negative) direct current to alter neuronal resting membrane potential, leading to depolarization or hyperpolarization Induction of long-term potentiation (LTP)- or long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity in the stimulated cortex Modulation of neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine) and neuroinflammation Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and NMDA receptor activity