Cortisol (null)

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced primarily by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It belongs to the glucocorticoid class and plays essential roles in regulating metabolism, immune responses, blood pressure, and adaptation to stress. Its secretion follows a diurnal rhythm—peaking early morning—and increases during physical or psychological stress. Cortisol acts mainly through intracellular glucocorticoid receptors; upon binding these receptors inside target cells, it modulates gene expression affecting numerous physiological processes. As hydrocortisone—the pharmaceutical form—it is widely used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties across many medical conditions including autoimmune diseases and allergies. Dysregulation leads to significant health problems such as Addison’s disease when deficient or Cushing’s syndrome when excessive.

Other names

Hydrocortisone11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione11β-cortisol11β-hydrocortisone

For drugs targeting this pathway: - Agonists mimic cortisol at the glucocorticoid receptor to suppress inflammation/immune response. - Antagonists block the glucocorticoid receptor to counteract excess effects. - Synthesis inhibitors reduce endogenous production by blocking steroidogenic enzymes.