D-Glucose monohydrate

D-Glucose monohydrate, commonly referred to as dextrose monohydrate, is the hydrated form of the simple sugar D-glucose, which is the primary metabolic fuel for most organisms (PubChem, CID 10236). In biological systems, it is not a therapeutic target such as a receptor or enzyme; instead, it is a substrate for energy production and a key component of carbohydrate metabolism (StatPearls, 2023). Clinically, it is administered intravenously or orally to treat acute hypoglycemia, provide nutritional support in parenteral therapy, and manage dehydration (DrugBank, DB01914). Its concentration in the blood is a critical physiological parameter regulated by the endocrine system, primarily through the actions of insulin and glucagon. While it is essential for cellular function, particularly in the brain, improper administration can lead to complications such as hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar states, and electrolyte shifts (NIH, 2022). It also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other important molecules, including glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. In pharmaceutical formulations, it is frequently used as a diluent or a vehicle for the delivery of other medications.

Other names

Dextrose monohydrateD-Glucose hydrateCorn sugarD-Glucopyranose monohydrate

Dextrose monohydrate provides a direct source of glucose that is transported into cells via glucose transporters (GLUTs) and metabolized through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to produce ATP, thereby restoring blood glucose levels and providing essential cellular energy (StatPearls, 2023).