Dental calculus

Dental calculus, also known as tartar, is a hardened form of dental plaque that accumulates on teeth. It forms when minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid precipitate into the plaque matrix over time. This process kills bacteria within the plaque but creates a rough surface that promotes further bacterial colonization. Calculus can be found above the gumline (supragingival) or below it in periodontal pockets (subgingival). Once formed, dental calculus cannot be removed by brushing or flossing alone and requires professional cleaning using ultrasonic tools or hand instruments. The presence of dental calculus increases the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis due to its role in harboring bacteria that irritate gum tissue. It can lead to bad breath, receding gums, chronically inflamed gingiva, and eventually more severe periodontal disease if left untreated. The main components are calcium phosphate salts such as brushite and hydroxyapatite.

Other names

TartarCalculusDental tartar