Dental calculus and salivary mineral phases

Dental calculus, commonly known as tartar, is a mineralized form of dental plaque that adheres to tooth surfaces and is primarily composed of inorganic mineral phases such as hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, whitlockite, and brushite (StatPearls, 2023). These mineral phases form through the precipitation of calcium and phosphate ions from saliva into the organic matrix of the dental biofilm (Jin & Yip, 2002). While not a traditional biological target like a protein or receptor, dental calculus and its precursor mineral phases are the primary targets for anti-calculus agents found in dentifrices and mouthwashes (White, 1997). These agents, including pyrophosphates and zinc salts, function by binding to the surface of growing crystals to inhibit further mineralization and by sequestering calcium ions to prevent the transition of amorphous calcium phosphate into a crystalline state (NCBI, 2002). The accumulation of calculus is a significant risk factor for the development of gingivitis and periodontitis, as its rough surface promotes further plaque retention and harbors pathogenic bacteria (Gurenlian, 2007). Consequently, the chemical management of salivary mineral phases is a critical component of preventive oral healthcare.

Other names

TartarDental tartarMineralized dental plaqueCalculus dentalisSalivary minerals

Inhibition of crystal growth and nucleation by adsorption onto hydroxyapatite surfaces and sequestration of calcium ions from saliva.