Dentin remineralization

Dentin remineralization is a complex physiological and therapeutic process characterized by the restoration of mineral ions, primarily carbonated hydroxyapatite, into the demineralized organic matrix of dentin. Unlike the highly inorganic enamel, dentin consists of a substantial organic framework, approximately 90% of which is Type I collagen, which serves as a scaffold for mineral deposition. This process is orchestrated by non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), particularly members of the Small Integrin-Binding Ligand N-linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) family such as Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1) and Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), which facilitate calcium and phosphate nucleation. In therapeutic contexts, dentin remineralization is the primary objective for treating dental caries and dentin hypersensitivity. Drugs and biomaterials target this process by providing mineral precursors or mimicking the function of natural NCPs to promote intrafibrillar mineralization, which is essential for restoring the mechanical integrity and functionality of the tooth structure. Effective remineralization also often requires the inhibition of endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins that would otherwise degrade the collagen scaffold. Advanced biomimetic strategies increasingly focus on stabilizing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoprecursors to allow for deep penetration and crystallization within the collagen fibrils.

Other names

Biomineralization of dentinFunctional remineralizationIntrafibrillar mineralizationDentin matrix mineralizationBiomimetic dentin remineralization

Promotion of intrafibrillar hydroxyapatite crystallization through the stabilization of liquid-like amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoprecursors; epitaxial growth of hydroxyapatite crystals on residual mineral seeds within the dentin matrix; template-driven nucleation of minerals via biomimetic analogs of non-collagenous proteins; inhibition of endogenous collagenolytic enzymes (MMPs and cathepsins) to preserve the organic scaffold; physical occlusion of dentinal tubules via mineral precipitation.