Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by sustained high blood glucose due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both[5][7]. It encompasses several types, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, and rare forms such as monogenic diabetes. Diabetes is conventionally defined by elevated plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c, and it is diagnosed according to specific clinical criteria[5]. The disease is managed by lifestyle, pharmacological interventions, and sometimes insulin replacement therapy, depending on the underlying pathophysiology[1][6]. Novel therapies for diabetes target underlying molecular mechanisms, such as insulin receptors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor[1][2][4].

Other names

Diabetes mellitusType 1 diabetesType 2 diabetesGestational diabetes mellitus