Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an essential long-chain omega‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found primarily in cold-water fish oils. Chemically designated C20H30O2 with five cis double bonds along its carbon chain, it serves both structural and signaling roles within the body. As an integral component of cell membranes—especially within cardiovascular tissues—it acts as a precursor for anti-inflammatory eicosanoids including prostaglandin E₃ and thromboxane A₃. Clinically, purified ethyl esters of EPA are approved therapies for lowering elevated triglyceride levels and reducing residual cardiovascular risk among statin-treated patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Its mechanisms involve modulation of lipid metabolism pathways and reduction in inflammatory mediator synthesis via competition with arachidonic-acid-derived substrates. While widely available through diet or supplements—including prescription formulations like Vascepa—its use should be monitored due to potential interactions affecting coagulation parameters.

Other names

EPAIcosapentaenoic acidTimnodonic acidall cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic AcidOmega 3 eicosapentaenoic acid

Reduces hepatic production/secretion of very low-density lipoproteins/triglycerides. Alters cell membrane composition to favor anti-inflammatory eicosanoid production over pro-inflammatory ones. Inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways leading to less potent inflammatory mediators compared to arachidonic-acid-derived analogues. Reduces platelet aggregation by increasing prostaglandin I₃ synthesis.