Enamel hydroxyapatite crystal lattice (None; HAp is used for hydroxyapatite, but not specifically for the enamel lattice)

Enamel hydroxyapatite crystal lattice is the highly ordered arrangement of hydroxyapatite (Ca$_{10}$(PO$_{4}$)$_{6}$(OH)$_{2}$) crystals in tooth enamel. These crystals are carbonated and contain trace elements, increasing their biological solubility but providing exceptional hardness to teeth. Hydroxyapatite crystals are organized into rods and interrod regions, encased and segregated by organic matrix proteins (enamelins). This hierarchical, nanocomposite organization—and variation in crystal orientation—accounts for enamel’s remarkable resilience under physical and chemical challenges. Demineralization occurs when acidity dissolves the hydroxyapatite lattice, leading to caries; remineralization therapies aim to restore lost crystal structure. The lattice itself is not a classical molecular target for drugs, but its modification by fluoride and remineralization is key to dental health.

Other names

Hydroxyapatite enamelEnamel mineral phaseEnamel latticeBiological hydroxyapatiteApatite crystal lattice

Fluoride incorporates into the lattice, forming fluorapatite, making enamel less soluble in acid Remineralization agents supply calcium and phosphate ions to restore lost crystalline mineral