Endodontic microbiota

Root canal bacteria, more accurately termed the endodontic microbiota, represent a complex polymicrobial community that colonizes the root canal system following pulp necrosis or trauma. This community typically exists as a biofilm, which provides protection against host defenses and antimicrobial agents (Ricucci & Siqueira, J Endod, 2010). The primary species involved include anaerobic Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive cocci, such as Enterococcus faecalis, which is frequently associated with persistent infections (Narayanan & Vaishnavi, J Conserv Dent, 2010). These bacteria are the primary etiological agents of apical periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the periradicular tissues (Siqueira & Rôças, Endodontic Topics, 2014). Treatment involves the use of chemical irrigants like sodium hypochlorite and medicaments like calcium hydroxide to disinfect the space, though the intricate anatomy of the root canal often prevents complete eradication (Haapasalo et al., Dent Clin North Am, 2010). Understanding the composition and resistance mechanisms of this microbiota is crucial for developing effective endodontic therapies (Zehnder, J Endod, 2006). The interaction between these pathogens and the host immune system determines the progression of periapical lesions. Modern endodontics focuses on the disruption of these biofilms through mechanical and chemical means.

Other names

Root canal bacteriaIntracanal microbiotaEndodontic pathogensDental pulp bacteriaPeriapical microbiota

Mechanisms include oxidative dissolution of organic tissue and protein denaturation (Sodium hypochlorite), disruption of bacterial cell membranes (Chlorhexidine), induction of high pH leading to DNA and protein damage (Calcium hydroxide), and inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis (Systemic antibiotics) [Haapasalo et al., 2010; Zehnder, 2006].