Endothelium of blood vessels

The endothelium of blood vessels is a specialized layer of squamous cells that lines the entire circulatory system, serving as the interface between circulating blood and the vessel wall. It is a highly active metabolic and endocrine organ responsible for maintaining vascular homeostasis through the regulation of blood flow, coagulation, and inflammatory responses. The endothelium produces critical signaling molecules, most notably nitric oxide, which induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. Chronic impairment of these functions, known as endothelial dysfunction, is a fundamental precursor to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. While numerous pharmacological therapies target specific molecular components within these cells—such as receptors, ion channels, and enzymes—the 'endothelium' itself is a complex tissue structure and is not classified as a singular molecular therapeutic target.

Other names

Vascular endotheliumEndothelial liningEndothelial cellsTunica intima

Drugs targeting components of the endothelium typically act by modulating nitric oxide production, inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme, blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, or stabilizing cell-cell junctions to manage vascular tone and permeability.