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Energy expenditure pathways" refer to the integrated set of metabolic processes and regulatory signaling routes that control how organisms use, dissipate, and manage energy derived from nutrients or stored substrates. Major pathways include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, and adaptive thermogenic mechanisms such as brown adipose tissue UCP1-dependent thermogenesis or futile cycles in beige fat. The central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus, plays a critical regulatory role, integrating hormonal and neuronal inputs to modulate basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food. Dysfunction or dysregulation of these pathways is implicated in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome[1][2][4][6][8][9].

Other names

energy expenditureenergy metabolism pathwaysbioenergetics pathwaysmetabolic pathways of energy expenditure

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