Epstein–Barr virus BamHI-A rightward frame 1 protein (BARF1)

Epstein–Barr virus BamHI-A rightward frame 1 protein (BARF1) is a secreted, dimeric/hexameric viral protein encoded by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and is considered a principal oncogene in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma[3][5]. Structurally, BARF1 shares homology with cellular colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R, also known as c-Fms), and functions as a soluble decoy receptor for M-CSF/CSF-1[4][5][7]. By neutralizing M-CSF, BARF1 impairs macrophage differentiation and inhibits key cytokine responses, enabling infected cells to evade immune detection and promoting tumor cell survival and proliferation[7][6]. BARF1 can drive transformation and immortalization of epithelial cells, is secreted during lytic infection, but is found in latently infected tumor cells as well[3]. Its activity is relevant in EBV-driven cancers, and it is studied both as an oncogenic effector and immune modulator. No approved drugs are currently known to target the viral BARF1 protein directly.

Other names

EBV BARF1 proteinBamHI-A rightward frame 1 proteinsBARF1 (for secreted form)EBV-encoded BARF1

Acts as a soluble decoy receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF/CSF-1), neutralizing its effects[4][5][6][7]. Modulates immune responses by inhibiting interferon secretion and cytokine release from mononuclear cells[4][6].