Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae)

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family (such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes. These enzymes hydrolyze and inactivate a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, and aztreonam, leading to significant challenges in the treatment of infections caused by these organisms. The most common enzymes involved are of the TEM, SHV, and CTX-M families, and the genes encoding these enzymes are often plasmid-borne, facilitating rapid horizontal dissemination among bacterial strains. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in hospitalized patients and are recognized as a major global health threat due to their widespread antibiotic resistance.

Other names

ESBL-producing EnterobacteralesESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteriaEnterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamasesESBL-E

Antibiotics typically inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis (beta-lactams), which is circumvented by ESBLs. Beta-lactamase inhibitors act by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of beta-lactamases (e.g., avibactam, tazobactam), though effectiveness varies by enzyme type. Other antibiotics work via different mechanisms, such as disruption of bacterial membrane potential and function (colistin) or inhibition of protein synthesis (aminoglycosides).