Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, non-cellular network of macromolecules that surrounds and supports cells within all tissues and organs. It provides essential physical scaffolding for cellular constituents and initiates crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, homeostasis, and repair. The ECM is not merely a passive structure; it actively regulates cell behavior including proliferation, adhesion, migration, polarity, differentiation, apoptosis, and communication between cells. It consists primarily of water, proteins (such as collagens and elastin), glycoproteins (like fibronectin), proteoglycans (with glycosaminoglycan side chains such as heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate), and polysaccharides. Its composition is highly tissue-specific.

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