Extracellular matrix and tear film components

The extracellular matrix (ECM) and tear film components represent the complex physiological system that maintains the health, lubrication, and optical clarity of the ocular surface. The tear film is traditionally described as a trilaminar structure consisting of an inner mucin layer that anchors the film to the corneal epithelium, a middle aqueous layer containing essential proteins and electrolytes, and an outer lipid layer that prevents evaporation [1]. The ECM of the ocular surface provides the structural framework and biochemical signals necessary for epithelial cell adhesion, migration, and wound healing [2]. In pathological states such as dry eye disease (DED), the loss of homeostasis in these components leads to tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, and chronic inflammation [1]. Therapeutic strategies primarily focus on the use of artificial tears and lubricants, such as sodium hyaluronate or carboxymethylcellulose, which supplement or stabilize these components to restore the ocular surface environment [3].

Other names

Tear filmPrecorneal tear filmOcular surface extracellular matrixTear film layers

Supplementation of deficient tear film layers, stabilization of the tear film, and provision of a protective lubricating barrier over the ocular surface [3].