Fluorapatite (FAp)

Fluorapatite is a crystalline mineral and a primary constituent of tooth enamel formed through the chemical substitution of hydroxyl groups in hydroxyapatite with fluoride ions. This process, known as remineralization, significantly enhances the structural integrity of the enamel by creating a surface that is more resistant to acid dissolution produced by cariogenic bacteria [NIH, StatPearls]. In clinical dentistry, fluorapatite formation is the primary goal of topical fluoride therapies used to prevent and arrest dental caries. While highly beneficial for dental health, excessive systemic exposure to fluoride during tooth development can lead to dental fluorosis, characterized by hypomineralization and staining [PubChem]. Beyond its role in caries prevention, fluorapatite serves as a model for bio-ceramic materials in bone and dental tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and stability.

Other names

Calcium fluorophosphateFluorinated hydroxyapatiteFluoroapatiteTooth enamel forming fluorapatite

Fluoride ions substitute for hydroxyl ions in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of tooth enamel to form fluorapatite, which possesses a lower solubility constant and greater resistance to acid-mediated demineralization [NIH, PubChem].