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Free Radical Species

Molecular classification: Other

Overview

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions that possess at least one unpaired valence electron, making them highly reactive. They are continuously produced in cells as by-products of metabolism or deliberately during processes like phagocytosis. At low levels, they participate in cell signaling and immune defense, while at high levels, they cause oxidative damage to biomolecules, contributing to aging and various diseases. Cells counteract free radical damage through antioxidant defenses.

Other names: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)

Mechanism of action

Antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging

Biological functions

Cell signalingImmune defenseRedox regulationOxidative stress induction

Disease associations

AgingCancerNeurodegenerative diseaseCardiovascular diseaseInflammationOther

Safety considerations

Potential for off-target effects of antioxidantsPro-oxidant effects of some antioxidants at high concentrationsInterference with redox signaling pathways

Interacting drugs

Antioxidants (e.g., Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Glutathione)

1 more in the full profile.

Biomarkers

Levels of specific free radicals (e.g., superoxide, hydroxyl radical)Markers of oxidative stress (e.g., malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine)

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