Gallium (Ga)

Gallium is a post-transition metal with the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. It is unique among metal elements for its very low melting point, remaining liquid above room temperature, and is widely used in the semiconductor industry (e.g., in gallium arsenide, gallium nitride), LEDs, solar cells, and as a radiopharmaceutical agent. Biologically, gallium and its compounds exhibit anticancer, osteogenic, and antimicrobial effects, largely via mimicking iron and disrupting iron-dependent pathways. While gallium itself is not a classical drug target, its compounds are under investigation or approved for use in cancer diagnostics and therapy, and bone disorder treatment. Its low toxicity and excretion profile make it attractive for various medical and technological utilities.

Other names

Elemental galliumGaGallium ion (in compounds, e.g., Ga³⁺)Gallium metal

Iron mimicry: Disrupts iron metabolism, affects ribonucleotide reductase and transferrin receptor, increases mitochondrial ROS, and impairs iron-dependent processes in tumors and bacteria; Inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption and promoting osteogenesis; Activates blood coagulation via Factor XII; Antimicrobial action through disruption of microbial iron utilization