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Gastrointestinal Hormones (GI Hormones)
- Target
- GI Hormones
- Molecular classification
- Peptide Hormones, G protein-coupled receptor ligands, Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators
01
Overview
Gastrointestinal hormone refers collectively to a large family (>50 genes identified) of peptide messengers produced mainly by enteroendocrine cells scattered throughout the stomach/intestines/pancreas. They regulate nearly every aspect related to digestion—including acid/enzyme/bile secretion; nutrient absorption; appetite/satiety signaling; gut motility patterns—and exert trophic effects on GI tissue growth. Their mechanisms involve binding specific cell-surface receptors with both local/paracrine and systemic/endocrine actions. Key examples include gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP/GLP family members and ghrelin among others.
- Other names
- Gut HormonesEnteroendocrine HormonesDigestive Hormones
02
Mechanism of action
Binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other cell-surface receptors; activating intracellular signaling pathways
03
Biological functions
Regulation of gastric acid secretionRegulation of pancreatic enzyme secretionRegulation of bicarbonate secretionModulation of gallbladder contractionControl over gut motilityAppetite regulationEnhancement/inhibition of insulin releaseTrophic effects on GI mucosal growth/differentiationInhibition/modulation of other hormone release
04
Disease associations
Peptic ulcersObesityMetabolic syndromeDiabetes mellitus type IIParaneoplastic syndromes
05
Safety considerations
Potential for side effects related to altered GI motility (e.g., nausea, diarrhea)Risk of hypoglycemia with GLP-1 analogsPotential for tumor growth stimulation (e.g., gastrin and gastric tumors)
06
Interacting drugs
GLP-1 analogs
1 more in the full profile.
07
Biomarkers
Gastrin levels (for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)GLP-1 levels (for diabetes management)Ghrelin levels (for appetite assessment)
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