Genetic material delivery

Genetic material delivery refers to the collection of methods and vehicles—termed “vectors”—designed to introduce exogenous DNA or RNA into target cells for therapeutic or experimental purposes[1][4][5][9]. Strategies are broadly divided into viral and non-viral approaches; viral vectors exploit the natural cell-entry machinery of viruses but carry immunogenicity and genomic-integration risks[5][9]. Non-viral approaches leverage engineered molecules such as liposomes, polymers, nanoparticles, or direct physical methods like electroporation or microinjection[1][2][3][9]. The selection of delivery approach depends on tissue specificity, safety profile, the size of the genetic payload, and intended duration of gene expression[8][9]. This process underpins modern gene therapy and cell engineering, and continues to face significant challenges in safety, targeting specificity, and efficiency[7][9].

Other names

Gene deliveryGene transferGenetic material transferNucleic acid delivery

Introduction of DNA/RNA via viral vectors (e.g., lentivirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus)[4][5][8][9]; Non-viral vectors (e.g., plasmids, liposomes, nanoparticles, polymers, cell-penetrating peptides)[1][2][3][9]; Direct physical methods (electroporation, microinjection, particle bombardment, heat shock)[1][3]