Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway by which organisms synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, ensuring a continuous supply of glucose during periods of fasting, intense exercise, or low-carbohydrate intake. This pathway primarily occurs in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney cortex. Key enzymes involved include pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Gluconeogenesis is tightly regulated by hormones (glucagon, insulin, cortisol) and allosteric effectors. Disorders affecting gluconeogenic enzymes can lead to hypoglycemia or metabolic imbalances. Overactive gluconeogenesis contributes significantly to hyperglycemia seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes (e.g., inhibition of PEPCK or G6Pase)