Glucose metabolism pathways and transporters

Glucose metabolism pathways and ubiquitous glucose transporters represent the fundamental biochemical processes and proteins responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis in living organisms (StatPearls, Glycolysis). This system includes the transport of glucose across cell membranes via the Solute Carrier 2 (SLC2) family, known as GLUT transporters, and the subsequent breakdown of glucose through glycolysis to produce ATP (UniProt, P11166). Key enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase regulate the flux of glucose through these pathways to meet metabolic demands. Dysregulation of these processes is central to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and is a hallmark of many cancers, where the Warburg effect leads to increased glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis (PubMed, 23169605). Therapeutic strategies often target specific components of this system, such as SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes or experimental GLUT1 inhibitors in oncology (NIH, SGLT2 Inhibitors). Because these pathways are ubiquitous and essential for cellular function, achieving tissue-specific modulation remains a significant challenge in drug development to avoid systemic toxicity.

Other names

Physiological glucose metabolism pathways and ubiquitous glucose transporters/enzymesGlycolysisGluconeogenesisGlucose transport systemCarbohydrate metabolismSLC2 familyGLUT transporters

Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) to reduce renal glucose reabsorption; inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis via AMPK activation; facilitation of glucose uptake via insulin receptor signaling; competitive inhibition of hexokinase; and inhibition of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs).