Glutathione antioxidant system (GSH system)

The **glutathione antioxidant system** encompasses glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, as well as enzymes that utilize GSH for cellular protection[1][3][5]. Glutathione exists in two forms: reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG); the ratio between them reflects cellular redox status[3][7]. As the predominant non-enzymatic antioxidant in most cells, GSH protects against oxidative stress, detoxifies xenobiotics, and participates in redox regulation through direct chemical activity and as a cofactor for key enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and glutathione reductase[5][7]. The system is critically involved in the prevention of cellular damage from reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and peroxides, regulation of apoptosis, and modulation of immune function[1][5][7]. Impaired function or disruptions of the glutathione antioxidant system are implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular pathologies[5][7].

Other names

Glutathione systemGlutathione redox systemGSH systemGlutathione

Reducing agent for detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and xenobiotics Cofactor for glutathione peroxidases and glutathione S-transferases Conjugation to toxic compounds to enhance excretion Regeneration of other antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E, vitamin C) Redox signaling by S-glutathionylation of proteins