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Glycolysis

Molecular classification: Metabolic pathway

Overview

Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It is an anaerobic process occurring in the cytoplasm of cells. The pathway consists of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions divided into an investment phase and a payoff phase. Regulation occurs at key enzymatic steps, including hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. The fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen availability, leading to either the citric acid cycle or lactate production.

Mechanism of action

Inhibition or activation of key glycolytic enzymes (e.g., hexokinase, PFK1, pyruvate kinase)

Biological functions

Energy productionGlucose metabolismATP generationNADH generationPyruvate production

Disease associations

Cancer (altered metabolism)Diabetes (glucose homeostasis)Metabolic disorders

Safety considerations

Inhibition of glycolysis can have broad metabolic effectsTargeting glycolysis in cancer can affect normal cellsLactic acidosis (due to increased lactate production)

Interacting drugs

Not applicable to the entire pathway, but individual enzyme inhibitors/activators exist (e.g., targeting hexokinase, PFK1, or pyruvate kinase)

Biomarkers

Lactate levels (anaerobic glycolysis)Expression levels of glycolytic enzymes in tumors

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