Gold nanoparticle (therapeutic radiosensitizer) (GNP)

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are inorganic nanomaterials investigated as radiosensitizing agents in cancer therapy, primarily in combination with ionizing radiation such as X-rays or protons. Their radiosensitizing properties originate from a combination of physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Physically, the high atomic number of gold increases local energy deposition and emission of low-energy electrons, enhancing DNA damage near the nanoparticles. Chemically, GNPs can amplify oxidative stress and generate reactive oxygen species under irradiation, further damaging cancer cells. Biologically, GNPs may induce mitochondrial dysfunction and influence DNA damage repair pathways, contributing to cell death. The extent of radiosensitization varies by cell type, GNP size, concentration, and subcellular localization, and is often greater than predicted by physical dose models alone, suggesting significant biological contributions. Despite promising preclinical results, clinical translation is limited by incomplete mechanistic understanding, variability in tumor uptake, and toxicity concerns. GNPs are not a traditional molecular target like a receptor or enzyme, but rather a therapeutic agent that modifies the cellular response to radiation[1][2][3].

Other names

Gold nanoparticleAuNPGold nanosensitizerGNP radiosensitizerGold-based radiosensitizing agent

Physical dose enhancement (increased local energy deposition due to high atomic number), Chemical radiosensitization (generation of reactive oxygen species), Biological radiosensitization (mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced DNA damage, cell cycle disruption)