Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron (GnRH Neuron)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are specialized neuroendocrine cells primarily located in the hypothalamus. They play a central role in regulating mammalian reproductive function by secreting GnRH, which acts as the final output signal from the brain to control pituitary gonadotropin secretion. These neurons are sometimes referred to as "sex neurons" due to their pivotal role in controlling reproduction. They secrete GnRH into the hypophyseal portal capillary system, stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The activity of these neurons is essential for puberty onset, menstrual/estrous cycles, fertility, and overall reproductive health. Disruptions in normal patterning or signaling by these neurons can result in infertility syndromes such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty, or precocious puberty. Recent research suggests possible roles outside classic reproduction—including potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases when present outside hypothalamus.

Other names

GnRH-expressing neuronLHRH neuronSex neuron

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