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Growth Differentiation Factors (GDFs)
- Target
- GDFs
- Molecular classification
- Secreted signaling molecule, Growth factor, TGF-β superfamily ligand
01
Overview
Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are secreted proteins belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. They regulate key developmental processes via serine/threonine kinase receptors activating SMAD signaling. Their physiological actions span embryogenesis through adult tissue maintenance into pathologies including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndromes, and cancer. They are active areas for translational research due to their broad biological impact.
- Other names
- TGF-β superfamily ligandsGDF11GDF15GDF5Myostatin (GDF8)
02
Mechanism of action
Smad-dependent pathway activation; Non-Smad pathway activation
03
Biological functions
Embryonic developmentTissue homeostasisCell growthApoptosisMuscle developmentMetabolic regulationStress responseTranscriptional regulation
04
Disease associations
Cardiovascular diseaseDiabetes mellitusCancerAging-related diseasesMuscle wasting disorders
05
Safety considerations
Contradictory findings regarding precise functionsPotential for off-target effects due to broad signalingContext-dependent roles in cancer progression or suppression
06
Biomarkers
Circulating levels of GDF15Circulating levels of GDF11
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