Gut microbiota–systemic inflammation pathway (null)

The gut microbiota–systemic inflammation pathway describes a web of interactions between intestinal microbes (bacteria, fungi, archaea, and their metabolic products) and the host immune system that determines the balance between immune tolerance and inflammation. Key metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan catabolites) signal through host G-protein-coupled receptors, nuclear receptors, and pattern recognition receptors (e.g., TLRs) to modulate immune responses locally in the gut and systemically. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance of gut microbes, leads to increased pro-inflammatory species, reduced anti-inflammatory microbes, and altered metabolite production, which are implicated in a wide array of inflammatory, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Unlike classical drug targets, this pathway represents an integrated multi-component network, not a single protein or receptor

Other names

gut microbiota–immune axismicrobiota–inflammation pathwaygut–immune axisgut–systemic inflammation pathway

Modulation of microbial composition Enhancement or suppression of microbial metabolite (e.g., SCFAs) production Activation of host immune receptors (such as TLRs, GPRs, nuclear receptors) influencing cytokine production and T cell differentiation