Gut microbiota and immune system

The "gut microbiota and immune system" describes the complex, dynamic interplay between the diverse microbial community inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract and the host's innate and adaptive immune systems. This axis regulates immune responses, maintains mucosal and barrier integrity, modulates inflammation, and impacts systemic metabolic and disease processes. Key mechanisms include direct microbial signaling to immune cells, production of metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids) that modulate immune function, regulation of immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG) production, and maintenance of tolerance to commensals while defending against pathogens. Disruption of this balance ("dysbiosis") is implicated in a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic, and malignant conditions.

Other names

Gut-immune axisMicrobiota-immunity axisMicrobiota–host immune interaction

Enhancement of beneficial bacteria to modulate immune responses; Suppression of pathogenic bacteria to reduce inflammation; Modulation of microbial metabolites (e.g., butyrate) that directly affect immune cells; Stimulation of barrier defenses (barrier effect).