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Gut microbiota composition and function
- Molecular classification
- Other (refers to a multi-organism community, not a single molecular entity; main members are bacteria, but also include archaea, viruses, fungi)
01
Overview
Gut microbiota composition and function refers to the collective community of microorganisms (mainly bacteria, but also archaea, fungi, and viruses) residing in the gastrointestinal tract and their integrated metabolic activities. This community exhibits vast taxonomic and functional diversity and plays critical roles in digestion, nutrient and vitamin synthesis, metabolism of xenobiotics and bile acids, protection from pathogens, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, and immune regulation. Dysregulation or imbalance (dysbiosis) of the gut microbiota is associated with digestive, metabolic, immunological, oncological, and some neurobehavioral diseases. The gut microbiota itself is not a discrete molecular target but an ecosystem that can be modulated by dietary, pharmaceutical, and microbiome-directed interventions.
- Other names
- Gut microbiotaGut microbiomeIntestinal floraGut flora
02
Mechanism of action
Modulation of microbial community structure or metabolism; Restoration of commensal flora after dysbiosis (e.g., fecal transplantation); Selective inhibition or activation of keystone microbial species/functions
03
Biological functions
Digestion of dietary substrates (complex carbohydrates, fibers)Synthesis of vitamins (B vitamins, vitamin K)Metabolism of bile acids, xenobiotics, polyphenolsProduction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)Modulation of immune system and intestinal barrier functionProtection against pathogens (colonization resistance)Influences on metabolism, energy extractionInteraction with the gut–brain axis
04
Disease associations
Inflammatory diseases (Inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome)Infection (e.g., Clostridioides difficile)Obesity and metabolic syndromeCancer (colorectal cancer)Neurological and behavioral disorders (via gut–brain axis, indirect)Autoimmune conditions
05
Safety considerations
Unpredictable community-level responses to interventionsPotential for pathogen overgrowth or transfer (e.g., in fecal transplantation)Inter-individual variability in microbiota–host interactionsImpact of broad-spectrum antibiotics causing dysbiosis
06
Interacting drugs
Probiotics and prebiotics
4 more in the full profile.
07
Biomarkers
Microbial diversity (alpha/beta diversity of gut bacteria)Relative abundance of specific taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides)Levels of short-chain fatty acids in stoolSecondary bile acid profilesMetagenomic/metabolomic signatures
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